Application Guide - Air Separation
|
|||
Service |
Measurement | Gas Stream |
Analyzer Options |
Ultra high purity N2 (8 nines to 9 nines) produced cryogenically |
<1 ppb to 10 ppb O2 |
N2, Ar, H2, He |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
Low ppm purity N2 (6 nines to 7 nines) generated cryogenically and ceramic membrane process
|
10 ppb to 1 ppm O2
|
N2, Ar, H2, He |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
ppm purity N2 (5 nines) generated cryogenically, ceramic membrane, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) skid and deoxo catalytic processes
|
0.1 ppm to 10 ppm O2
|
N2, Ar, H2, He |
|
- Spot checking above |
|
||
Low ppm purity H2 produced by: electrolysis, catalytic partial oxidation of hydrocarbons and by dissolving solid sodium chloride into mercury bath |
0.1 ppm to 10 ppm O2
|
H2 |
|
- Spot checking above |
|
||
ppm level N2 (4 nines) generated by pressure swing adsorption (PSA) skid and deoxo catalytic |
<1000 ppm O2
|
Air |
|
- Spot checking above |
|
||
Transport of ppm level N2 via pipelines and tanker trucks to end users |
0.1 ppm to 10 ppm O2
|
N2, Ar, H2, He |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
Gas cylinder certification: specialty mixes including welding gas |
0.1 ppm to 1% ppm O2
|
Varies |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
Gas cylinder certification: specialty mixes including welding gas |
1% to 95% O2
|
Varies |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
N2 (3 nines) generated from a membrane process mounted on portable skid |
0.1% to 5% O2
|
Air |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
Medical grade O2 generated cryogenically |
> 99.5% O2 |
Ar |
|
- Spot checking above |
|
||
O2 product purity of air separation process |
90-100% O2 |
Air |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
O2 generated by pressure/vacuum swing adsorption (PSA/VPSA) processes mounted on portable skids |
50% to 95% O2
|
Air |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
Synthetic air blenders for hospital back-up |
20.9% O2 |
O2 |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
O2 deficiency in control rooms |
<20.0%, <19.5% O2 |
Air, N2 |
|
O2 deficiency/excess conditions inside N2 / O2 generator containers mounted on skids |
<19.5%, >23.5% O2 |
Air, N2, O2 |
|
Application Guide - Beverage
|
|||
Service |
Measurement |
Gas Stream |
Analyzer Options |
Quality control of CO2 delivery tankers |
0-10 ppm O2 |
CO2 |
|
Quality control of CO2 cylinders used in beverage dispensing |
0-10 ppm O2 |
CO2 |
|
Head space monitoring of fermentors, brew tanks and storage tanks |
0-10 ppm O2 |
CO2 |
|
Carbonation in bottling process |
0-1% O2 |
CO2 |
|
Off-line fermentors |
0-10 ppm O2 |
CO2 |
|
Head space monitoring of fermentors, brew tanks and storage tanks |
0-10 ppm O2 |
CO2 |
|
Head space monitoring of wood barrels |
0-10 ppm O2 |
CO2 |
|
Oxygen deficiency |
19.5% O2 |
CO2, air |
|
Application Guide - Electronics
|
|||
Service |
Measurement |
Gas Stream |
Analyzer Options |
High ppb cryogenic N2 Purity for production furnances |
10 ppb to 1 ppm O2
|
N2, Ar, H2, He |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ppm purity cryogenic, ceramic membrane, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) skid and deoxo catalytic generated N2 (5 nines) |
0-10 ppm O2
|
N2, Ar, H2, He |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ppm purity of furnace fuel gas for sintering ceramic powders into shapes |
10 ppm to 1% O2
0.5% to 100% O2
|
Fuel gas |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
O2 contamination in controlled atmospheres used for various sealing, firing and soldering processes to join dissimilar materials |
0-10 ppm O2
|
N2 |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
O2 contamination in N2 gases used in inert reflow soldering and wave soldering |
0-10 ppm O2
|
N2 |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
O2 contamination in N2, H2 gases used in the packaging of integrated circuits |
0-10 ppm O2
|
N2 |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
O2 deficiency in confined areas |
<19.5-20.0% O2 |
Air, N2 |
|
Application Guide - Fiber Optics
|
|||
Service |
Measurement |
Gas Stream |
Analyzer Options |
O2 impurity in inking process |
0-10 ppm O2 |
N2 |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
Application Guide - Glass
|
|||
Service |
Measurement |
Gas Stream |
Analyzer Options |
Pure O2 generated cryogenically, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) processes mounted on skids replaces air to enrich existing processes and boost product yield and reduce NOx emissions |
30% to 100% O2
|
Varies |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
Application Guide - Glove Box Research & Manufacturing
|
|||
Service |
Measurement |
Gas Stream |
Analyzer Options |
Leak tight environment to perform work with contamination sensitive or hazardous materials under an inert environment. |
0-10 ppm O2 |
N2, Ar |
|
|
|
|
|
Glove box controlled atmospheres for: - Lithium battery research and production - Crystal mounting - Tissue study - Assembly inspection - Wire bonding - Micro laser welding - Semiconductor probing - Thin film deposition - Inkjet deposition - Spin coating air sensitive materials |
0-10 ppm O2 |
N2, Ar |
|
|
|||
Application Guide - Metals Processing
|
|||
Service |
Measurement |
Gas Stream |
Analyzer Options |
ppm purity of furnace fuel gas for sintering metal powders into shapes and desired strength |
<1 ppm O2
|
N2, H2 |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pure O2 generated cryogenically, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) processes mounted on skids replaces air to enrich existing processes and boost product yield and reduce NOx emissions - zinc recovery processes - gold leaching processes - various brazing processes - processing scrap aluminum - improve heat transfer in electric-arc steel making furnaces |
30% to 100% O2
Spot checking |
Varies |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Low ppm purity H2 for heat treating and annealing finishing processe to produce desired hardness and brightness |
0-10 ppm O2
|
H2, N2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Monitor oxygen contamiation in inert reducing furnaces for: - Brazing - Metallizing - Annealing - Degassing |
0-10 ppm O2
|
H2, N2 |
|
Application Guide - Natural Gas
|
|||
Service |
Measurement |
Gas Stream |
Analyzer Options |
Continuous analysis of vacuum extraction techniques create the possibility of O2 contamination that exceed contractual limits |
5-20 ppm O2
|
CH4, CO2, H2S
H2S Sample System required |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Protection of field personnel, gathering equipment, compressors and booster stations from the possible explosive hazard |
0-10 ppm O2
|
CH4, CO2, H2S
H2S Sample System required |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cost effective monitoring of producers to identify those with O2 contamination levels that exceed contractual limits |
0-100 ppm O2
|
CH4, CO2, H2S
H2S Sample System required |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Corrosion in gathering lines (air, H2O, H2S react to form sulfuric acid |
0-100 ppm O2 |
CH4, CO2, H2S |
|
|
|
|
|
Protection of catalyst and regeneration beds |
0-10 ppm O2
|
CH4, CO2, H2S
H2S Sample System required |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Processing of ‘cleaned’ natural gas |
0-10 ppm O2
|
CH4, CO2, H2S
H2S Sample System required |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Protecting welds from atmospheric (oxygen) contamination by purging the area immediately around the weld with inert gases is essential to enhancing quality and reducing costs. Common problems include coking, oxidation and discoloration during TIG welding process, titanium fabrication and welding of stainless steel pipes, tubes and tanks. |
10 ppm to 20.9% |
N2, Ar |
|
|
|
|
|
Gas cylinder certification: specialty mixes including welding gas |
0.1 ppm to 1% ppm O2
|
Varies |
|
Application Guide - Ozone Generation
|
|||
Service |
Measurement |
Gas Stream |
Analyzer Options |
Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) skid generated O2 |
50% to 95% O2
|
Air |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
Application Guide - Petrochemical
|
|||
Service |
Measurement |
Gas Stream |
Analyzer Options |
Low ppm level O2 contamination can act as a catalyst of undesirable polymerization during steam cracking hydrocarbon feedstocks (ethane, propane, butane, naptha, natural gas, etc.) to produce olefin feedstocks (ethylene, propylene, butadiene, H2 and others) that are then separated and purified; and, increasing O2 levels indicate an air leak creating a potentially explosive hazard |
250 ppb to 5 ppm
|
Hydrocarbon feedstocks, ethylene, propylene, butadiene |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ppm level O2 contamination of pipelines containing natural gas and olefin feedstocks assures quality of polyolefin product; and, increasing O2 levels indicate an air leak creating a potentially explosive hazard |
<5 ppm O2
|
Ethylene, propylene, butadiene |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Low ppm level O2 contamination of Zieglar-Natta and metallocene catalysts used to initiate and control the polymerization reaction to assure product quality and processing performance of plastics such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyesters, etc. |
50 ppb to 10 ppm O2
|
Ethylene, propylene, butadiene, N2 blanket |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
ppm level N2 for inert blanking of chemicals and refined feedstocks during storage and/or transport by barge, rail, truck tanker or pipeline |
0-10 ppm O2
|
N2 |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ppm level N2 for inert blanking of hydrocarbon processing or storage on offshore platform |
0-10 ppm O2
|
N2 |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
O2 impurity in hydrogen mixed with air to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) |
0-10 ppm O2 |
Air |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
O2 impurity in production of sodium benzoate a food preservative |
0-10% O2
|
Air |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
High purity O2 generated cyrogenically used in conjunction with newly developed closed loop processes enable producers of intermediate products to switch from olefin feedstocks to less expensive alkane feedstocks (butane, ethane and propane), recirculate offgases and smaller vessel size (additional cost savings) while reducing the potential for explosive hazards. Products: - acrylonitrile (propane in lieu of propylene) - ethylene oxide & ethylene dichloride - vinyl acetate monomer - caprolactam - maleic anhydride |
100% O2
|
Varies |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
Pure O2 generated cryogenically, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) processes mounted on skids replaces air to enrich existing processes and boost product yield and reduce NOx emissions: - fluid catalytic cracking - sulfur recovery (reduce content in vehicle fuels and use heavier crude feedstocks without being constrained by the capacity of the sulfur plant) - sulfuric acid regeneration (used in the production of titanium dioxide) - aluminum smelters - glass smelters |
30% to 100% O2
|
Varies |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
Application Guide - Semiconductor
|
|||
Service |
Measurement |
Gas Stream |
Analyzer Options |
Ultra High Purity N2 for heat treating silicon wafers |
0.25 ppb to 10 ppb O2 |
N2, H2, Ar |
|
Contamination of N2, H2, Ar carrier gases |
0.25 ppb to 10 ppb O2 |
N2, H2, Ar |
|
Contamination of H2 scavenger gases used in atmosphere soldering and annealing copper films. |
0.25 ppb to 10 ppb O2 |
N2, H2, Ar |
|
Non-invasive leak detection in UHP gas distribution systems with mobile cart |
Spot check |
N2, H2, Ar |
|
ppm purity cryogenic, ceramic membrane, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) skid and deoxo catalytic generated N2 (5 nines) for wafer oxidation furnaces |
0-10 ppm O2
|
N2, H2 |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
O2 deficiency in confined areas |
<19.5-20.0% O2 |
Air, N2 |
|
Application Guide - Steel
|
|||
Service |
Measurement |
Gas Stream |
Analyzer Options |
Low ppm purity H2 for heat treating and annealing processes producing desired hardness and brightness |
0-10 ppm O2
|
H2, N2 |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Membrane air separator N2 skids |
0.1% to 5% O2 |
Air |
|
Application Guide - Shipping
|
|||
Service |
Measurement |
Gas Stream |
Analyzer Options |
ppm level N2 for inert blanking of refined feedstocks and other hydrocarbon cargo during transport |
0-10 ppm O2 Spot checking |
N2 |
|
|
- Spot checking above |
|
|
Application Guide - Welding
|
|||
Service |
Measurement |
Gas Stream |
Analyzer |